Pathology is divided, as a medical discipline, into anatomic pathology and clinical pathology. Pathologists are the 'doctor's doctor.' They run the clinical labs in the hospital - microbiology, blood bank, chemistry, hematopathology (analyzing blood smears, bone marrow biopsies, etc). This is known as clinical pathology. Anatomic pathology includes surgical pathology (analyzing all those biopsy specimens and specimens removed at surgery), neuropathology (brain and muscle biopsies and the like) and autopsy pathology (including forensics).
Not everyone qualifies, or boards in both anatomic and clinical pathology, but most do as it is the best way to assure a job in private practice, and thus not be confined to academia, unless that is your choice. It used to take five years after med school to qualify in AP/CP, but now it takes four. We have seen the number and quality of candidates increase by dropping this year. The year was dropped for a variety of reasons. One is that it was initially intended to have the pathology resident do a year of internship (medicine, pediatrics, ob-gyn) before starting pathology. This was a suggestion, not a requirement, so it didn't usually happen. People usually took the extra year studying pathology.
Now, we have four years of study after med school, followed by a fellowship for most (hospitals want that extra board or expertise) in a specialty area. Yes, there are even more specialized areas than those I mentioned above. I am AP/CP boarded and trained and I have a fellowship and board in dermatopathology. Wow. I get tired just typing this.
When I was in medical school, the conventional wisdon was that we would need more general practitioners, not specialists and there would be no jobs for pathologists. Unless there would be lots (conventional wisdom also noted the increased average age of a pathologist - darn near retirement). The last idea has generally been more true. Exploding technology, patient and doctor expectation, and the aging of the pathology work force and general population has meant the jobs are there. For now, at least.
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